Sequence involves patterns Essay

Beginning to realise others are separate beings from themselves, imitates others and tries out ways of behaving in play.   Babbling sounds begin,laugh and chuckle to show enjoyment.   Recognise familiar people at 6 metres, drops toys deliberately and pick them up.   Sort object s by size and type,understand two or three simple things to do at once.   Developing ability to think abstractly, can question sources of information. Fluent speaker, increasing use of peer influenced. Adolescence from 13 – 19 years discuss the following terms and complete a defination for each of them. Sequence of development. Sequence means the definite pattern to a child developing example toddler being able to walk before they can run. Some aspects of developments follow a definite sequence like physical development of babies learn to lift their heads before they can sit . A new baby development may begin with rolling over then sit up, crawl , walk , run. Another may do it differently, even though elements are missed the development still proceeds in an expected pattern. Sequence involves patterns and an order of development linked to body, mobility , and intellectual growth. It can also be defined as how things happened in an expected order example breastfed, weaned, full meals, lie, sit , crawl etc. Sequence of development is the order that a child develops but this can vary in each child. One child may start with rolling over then sit up, then crawl and then start wal king but another child may just sit up, then crawl and then start walking. Rate of development rate means the speed in which a child develops, rate involves a time frame linked to age. One baby may achieve walking unaided at ten months another may accomplish it at twelve months. Rate is what happens at one year old , twenty four months , and seven years etc. Recording the rate of developments can help you to identify any concerns that one may have with any child. The rate of development is the pace that a child develops at, this can be the pace within each sequence or the pace overall and goes to cover all the set areas or periods in between or altogether in sequences. Why is the difference between the sequence of development and rate of development important?. Sequence of development and rate of development are important as it helps in the development from mental to physical and emotional. If one of them is missed or slow it can be a cause for concern and may lead to a child being given special attention . They are both used to measure the development of children, although all children will develop at different rates and at different sequence , it helps to check if something is going wrong. It also helps to provide a picture that can measure where a child might be in need of support. Bibilogaphy www.blurtit.com/q6865758.html www.studymode.com/essays www.antiessays.com/free-essays/442524.html www.silkysteps.com/forum/showthreads.php?t=12275

Mathematics, the Connection Between Art and Science Essay

Although there are many differences that set art and science apart, they share one undeniable commonality. This bond that is present between what is otherwise considered as polar opposites is mathematics. As shown in Professor Vesna’s lecture, mathematics is imperative to the development of art. Through math, artists have come to understand perspective, proportion, and geometrics. In terms of science, mathematics is the foundation which every theory stands upon. Nature, humans, and the digital world would have been impossible to comprehend without numbers to bridge the gap between the unknown and the understood. Truly, mathematics is ubiquitous and continues to prove its importance to this day. A novel amalgamation that consists of mathematics, art, and science is music. Milkman, an artist of the mash-up genre, is a musician that samples different songs and digitally combines them to form a brand new track. In a way, his work is described as an example of cross synthesis or convultion which according to Burk is some aspect of one sound superimposed on another. To harmoniously combine two different songs, one must fully understand every possible correlation in terms of rhythm, melody, and lyrics. And with mathematics and science making the technology available, the art of mashing up songs has become readily accessible and requires only creativity to create the next hit single. Mathematics has almost an infinite range of applications in society today. For example, Robert Lang presents mathematics as part of the core that drives origami, the art of folding paper. Lang shows that complexity is irrelevant; with mathematics to dictate origami, anything can be shaped. Because of its practicality of compacting large things, origami is used in various sectors of science which include telescope lens packing and heart stents. Another example of math’s prevalence is Theo Jansen’s presentation on his kinetic sculptures. His biological art, able to move independently, essentially redefines the wheel. Not only is it artistic but also it is a masterpiece of engineering; just a simple push can propel a massively heavy structure across difficult terrain. It is evident that math not only facilitates the evolution of artistic creations but also helps apply them as potential solutions to problems of today.

Gender Differences in Communication Essay

Communications styles have always been different between men and women. As children our communications styles have been taught to us. According to John Gottman â€Å"Boys learn to suppress and bury their feelings, especially fear and other emotions that make them feel vulnerable. Girls are encouraged to express and talk about their feelings. † (whymarriages). Women and men may share some similarities but, we can all agree that when it comes to the aspects of communication there is a significant difference. Since childhood the communications between men and women have been different. This is evident in the upbringing of males and females â€Å"Boy and girl infants are treated differently by both parents. Both mom and dad speak louder voices to boys, caress and coo at girls more, show greater facial disapproval to girls’ anger, and use more aggressive physical play with boys. † (Lathrop) When boys are raised they are taught certain aspects of a relationship are not as important whereas, with women that is the main focus. For example, â€Å"Typically, boys are not taught skills relating to intimacy and emotions while girls are carefully taught to focus primarily on these. (Lathrop) Although, that is what boys are taught it’s all based upon how the parents raise or model â€Å"correct† behavior at a young age. But, boys are naturally problem solvers unlike women. When men are communicating they come into the conversation looking for solution to the problem at hand. According to Marlene Lathrop, â€Å"Boys develop visual-spatial-logical and problem-solving skills sooner than girls and tend to talk about things and activities, while girls develop talking-reading-vocabulary and interpersonal skills sooner than boys and tend to talk about people, feelings and developing friendships. (Communicationsstyle) Unlike men, women are not the problem solvers, they are more sensitive and emotional when it comes to communication women relate more to the emotions of the issues rather than the logistics like men. Women are and Men are very different non-verbally when it comes to communication. Body language in communication is one of the biggest factors. If you ever notice if you argue with a male, they never look at you in the eye. This is because men take direct eye contact as a threat and a challenge, when they feel challenged or threaten the communication becomes less effective. Studies say that the best place to argue is in the care, this is because it avoids the eye contact which is usually a threat to men. This is proven by Tonya Reiman who says â€Å"for men, a face to face position indicates challenge or confrontation† (Genderdifferences) You rarely ever see two men sit face to face or talk to one another making direct eye contact . But; Women are noted to be more sensitive and â€Å"touchy† when using non-verbal communication â€Å"women are considered to be more nonverbally warmer than men with a tendency to smile and lean towards others during conversation† (Rieman). Ever notice when women communicate what’s the first thing they say â€Å"Look at me when I’ talking to you! † This is because women take direct eye contact as a way of saying that the other person is listening to them as women we are active listeners unlike men. For example, â€Å"Women sit face-to –face with other women or stand closer, indicating a more open and intimate position that help them connect with one another. † (Reiman). Nodding and direct eye contact is a sign of understanding and as women we need that in order to achieve the connection that is trying to be made during communicating. Because women and men are raised differently non-verbal communication goes back to what they learn in childhood. For example; â€Å"In the first few years of life girls are more used to physical touch by their mothers during childhood compared with boys. Women therefore use touch to express caring, empathy and emotions. Men are seen as being more competitive and verbally assertive due to childhood influences of toys such as guns and swords† (rieman). The dreadful words to men â€Å"Let’s talk about it† may be like nails to a chalk board. But, to women it is a way of expressing and making a connection. Because men are automatic problem solvers they see this as a women looking for a solution to a problem and bypass the unimportant information and straight to the point. According to Deborah Tannen’s book â€Å"You Just Don’t Understand† she notes that Tannen notes that men are confused by women’s use of conversation to be intimate with others. Tannen describes this as â€Å"troubles talk. † She says, â€Å"For women, talking about troubles is the essence of connection. I tell you my troubles, you tell me your troubles, and we’re close. Men, however, hear troubles talk as a request for advice, so they respond with a solution. † When a man offers this â€Å"here’s a solution† to a woman it becomes as though the man is dismissing her and all things that she has previously said had no importance to him what so ever. However, with men they keep their problems to themselves a good majority of the time and men often go to other men just seek just advice nothing more and nothing less. Men and women have significant differences when it comes to communication styles. According to Tonya Reiman, â€Å"The communication style of women has been described as being more emotional than men. Women focus on feelings and building relationships while men focus on power and status. † (Genderdifferences). This statement is true because as women we are more emotional than men. A lot has to due back to how men and women are raised during childhood. Men are straight forward and to the point when it comes to communicating, they communicate to share information and converse in a very assertive and direct manner which is not what women do. With women they are more sensitive and more willingly to express how they feel and show more empathy rather than men. The communication style of men is to establish and maintain status and dominance, whereas with women’s communicating it is more open. When women get together they seek feedback of the other women present and make decisions based on a group based decision. Because men have a different communication style than women it sometimes clashes with the needs and wants when they communicate with one another. Women do not understand that men are all about dominance and status when it comes to communication, women are all about feeling which sometimes turn men off to what they are saying. According to Tannen,† men converse with a focus on achieving social status and avoiding failure, while women focus on achieving personal connection and avoiding social isolation. Men want to report, women want rapport. Not that men don’t value involvement or women status, but these aren’t as important for either†. (Youjustdont). In closing, Men are from Mars and women are truly from Venus especially communication wise. Neither gender truly understands where one another is coming from dealing with communication. A lot of the differences stem from childhood and society’s â€Å"correct† way of raising different genders. If we really sat back and truly analyze what we are doing when it comes to raising our men and women we can truly see how we are not helping but damaging. Because men are taught to keep their feelings inside it makes it difficult not only for the man but the women also.

Human Activity and Its Ecological impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Human Activity and Its Ecological impact - Essay Example The increase in human activity in mountainous regions has contributed to the rise in global warming, primarily owing to the adverse environmental impacts caused by the development and construction of ski resorts (Todd and Williams, 1996). The constant rush of tourists, and the overuse of natural resources at popular ski resorts take a toll on the surrounding environment, disturbing the natural habitat in the process (Waldron and Williams, 2002; Wilde 1998). Furthermore, the increasing popularity of ski resorts attracts tourists in hordes, thus leading to an increased pressure on the natural resources by way of increased demand and consumption of water, energy, and other natural resources, thus further raising deep concerns regarding its sustainability in the long run. Ski resorts, rely heavily on energy to lift and pump water to high altitudes, provide drinking water, operate heavy machinery, and fuel vehicles used for transportation. Furthermore, there are concerns regarding soil degradation caused by construction and constant human activities in ski resorts (Ries, 1996); leading to loss of vegetation, soil erosion and may lead to increased chances of floods. Flora and fauna are deeply affected due to activities such as the construction of ski slopes. The surrounding environment and the natural habitat of fauna is disturbed due to increased sound levels and noise pollution caused by tourists (Mountain Wilderness, 2007).

MUS 121 Research Paper on The Fulte Instrument

MUS 121 on The Fulte Instrument - Research Paper Example However, the most preferred flute is the Boehm`s flute. His modification was successful, as he changed the flute from wooden to silver. The silver flute produced the best tone, and the thin hard-drawn tubes increased the metal`s capacity for vibration. The development of the flute has changed from one shape and size to another, and these modifications have improved the tune and the sound of the flute. In modern days, the flute has numerous uses ranging from musical shows and concerts, movies, Broadway shows, as well as Jazz players. Keywords: Flute, Development, Boehm Flute, Murrays Flute, Music, Old System Flute, German Flute, Keys, Tone, Sound, Tune Introduction Many forms of wood-wind instruments began to appear in the late fourteenth century. Brass instruments and their brass sounds had earlier been the only forms of music in the church services in Europe. According to the Marshall Cavendish Corporation, â€Å"the only woodwind instrument to leave a mark was the flute, which str ongly influenced the popular music† (2003, p.2713). The flute was preferred for its softer tone compared to the brass instruments. It is the most flexible music instrument among the woodwind instruments. According to Moratz, â€Å"it can execute just about any style of music, from classical to jazz to rock. Other woodwinds like the oboe and bassoon don’t play mush jazz or rock, although they have a lot of classical repertoire† (2010, p.18). History and Development of the Flute Learning how to effectively play a flute is quite easy compared to other woodwind musical instruments. The â€Å"flute†¦.is a musical weed which springs up everywhere† (Toff, 2008, p.3). There is quite a close relationship between the history of the flute and history of flute music. The history of the flute is divided into two phases namely the old system or German flute, and the Boehm flute. The old system flutes existed in the Middle Ages, it â€Å"was constructed of a single piece of wood; cylindrical in shape and just under two feet in length, it sounded a primary scale of D major† (Toff, 2008, p.41). It was commonly known as fife, and was mostly used by infantry marches, together with a small drum. Although instrumental music was distinct during the Renaissance period, the vocal model of various voice types, soprano, alto, tenor, and bass was still followed in the construction of musical instruments. In 1529, a publication by Martin Agricola`s called Musica Instrumentalis Deudsch, â€Å"showed four flutes, called Schweizer Pfeiffen, and labeled Discantus, Altus, Tenor, and Bassus† (Toff, 2008, p.41). A family of transverse flutes, whose musical values were different from the military use of the fife, was discovered by Michael Praetorius. Toff points out that â€Å"each of the three sizes of flutes in Praetorius’s plates has a two octave range and four additional falset notes available only to the most skilled performers† (2 008, p.42). The first flute divided into two pieces in order to regulate the tuning of the ensemble was the bass flute. Two transverse flutes pitching D and G appeared in the 1636 work of Martin Mersenne called Harmonic Universalle. Spaced evenly on the cylindrical tube were six tones or finger holes. â€Å"Although these flutes had no keys, the farsighted Mersenne called attention to their absence and explained that the flute could be made fully chromatic by the addition of keys† (Toff, 2008, p.42). Despite the fact that Mersenne provided a sketch of what the

Capston research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Capston research project - Essay Example Alternatively, it may be handled by offsetting the balance of the inventory allowances in the books of account. In most cases, the inventory write-downs are small in value and in case of a larger value; the same is treated as a non-recurring financial loss. In the company’s income statement, the same can be reflected as an above-the-line expense. However, according to the IAS 1, companies are usually required to show separate disclosures for the inventory write-downs in the financial statements; taking into consideration that the inventory write-downs are items of near to the ground resolution. Accordingly, the International Accounting Standards 1 (IAS 1) requires that an organization provides sufficient information with regard to the issues that affects the significant events in the organization. The provided information should also be able to warrant a much better understanding of the company’s financial status. The greatest danger that lies for the company should it fail to include the write-downs of inventory in the financial statements is that it may lead to an overestimation of the earnings persistence by the company’s investors. Failure to do this is a great concern and as a partner in the audit process, I would seriously take this into consideration and seek to understand further basing on logical reasoning why the same was not included. Second, the failure to include the write-downs of inventory may lead to other significant effects of ethical and financial concerns to the audit process and the company in broad-spectrum such as, disproportionate compensations to the managers of the firm, frequent incidences in which fraud is concealed from the knowledge of the shareholders by the accounting and financial officers. Third, the failure may further lead to other unethical and of financial concern consequences such as the shareholders of the company losing faith and belief in the firm’s management ability to control its operation s and finances. Additionally, it may be grievous for the firm to fail to recognize the inventory write-downs

Music and Passion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music and Passion - Essay Example According to (Carducci 311) the type of music an individual listens has a reflex action on the type of personality an individual develops. The unique thing about music is not just the beats and the tempo or the rhythm but the words that a song writer chooses to work with. The words involuntarily change the thoughts of the listener. As a person listens, they take in the meaning of the words and slowly make them part of their lives. In a greater way, one slowly starts to change their world view, their thoughts and eventually change their character. This is seen is where an individual starts to use the words that they heard in a song and this shapes their daily lives. (Carducci 123) says that lyrics of a song can great influence the thoughts of an individual in a subconscious state. Aristotle talked about music and its power to communicate the emotional states of humans as well as their character. According to (Williams 92) Aristotle says that music directly imitates the passions as well as states of the soul. An individual listening to a particular type of music they are likely to absorb the same passion and a long exposure to the music, they develop characters based in the same passions. Based on these understanding, then the music people listens to is contributing too many of issues in the society. If the type of music an individual listens to can shape their characters as well as passions, then it means that these effects will also be seen in human relationships, laws, psychological challenges such as depression as well as anger. People who mainly listen to these types of music tend to show high levels of openness to new experience, high verbal ability as well as emotional stability. These individuals also believe that they are highly intelligent and tolerant. Majority of them can champion liberal social ideals. Majority of them are political conservatives and they also tend to be

An interview with a Safety Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

An interview with a Safety Manager - Essay Example fety and Health Policy statement should set forth the purpose and philosophy of the company, delineate the program’s goal and assign responsibility for all company personnel (Reese, 2003). Once the policy is set, responsibility to implement and supervise the same should be assigned to an individual. This in no way should relieve management from its commitment or the supervisors and employees from their responsibilities to enforce and adhere to the company’s health and safety requirements. Discipline is an integral part of implementing safety measures in a company. Employees should be strictly overseen as complying with these measures and failure of this will result in failure of the entire health and safety effort. Some companies take a further step in their discipline policy resulting in time off without pay for limited days followed by dismissal on the next offense (Reese, 2003). The first line supervisor is effectively the key to good occupational safety and health efforts. The supervisors should be held responsible for their safety performance as well as the performance of their crews. One of the most effective methods of implementing safety measures is through motivation to work in a safe manner. Data indicate that 85 to 90 percent of accident causes are likely the result of unsafe behavior. The aim should be to provide an environment where employers are induced to motivate themselves as well as their employees. Delegating more responsibilities to employees boost morale, inspiration to account one’s own behavior at the workplace, peer pressure, incentives and rewards when least expected, etc. are some methods of motivation (Reese, 2003). The Occupational Safety and Health Act have brought a restructuring of programs and activities relating to safeguarding the health of the worker. OSHA requires employers to protect their employees from workplace hazards such as machines, procedures at the workplace and harmful substances. Companies encourage employees

Can gm crops add to productivity of UK agriculture Research Proposal

Can gm crops add to productivity of UK agriculture - Research Proposal Example when the UN cites food insecurity as a major threat in the future, it is imperative to allow the technology proven fit to human and escalate the food production levels as Godfray et al. (2010) suggest. Surprisingly, even the UK has not been in a position to ensure food security mitigation as evidenced by the industry in the country. Currently, food and drink in the UK accounts for 7% of the country’s GDP; it employs over 3.5million people (Zilberman, Kaplan, Kim, Sexton & Barrows, 2014). Despite the figures, the UK has to import 40% of the food consumed by its residents. Interestingly, notwithstanding this import, the UK in 2007 made  £12 billion from its food export and  £7 billion a year later, according to Turco and Maggioni (2014). Evidently, food in the UK is a vital economy component as it helps both in feeding its residents thus saving money as well as increases its financial capabilities. As evidenced by the figures proved above, the issue of agriculture is pivotal to its growth thus explaining the reason for the continued debate concerning GM technology. Some agree, â€Å"GM crops can boost productivity in lean times† (Parul (2011p.34) while others strongly oppose this notion. Those disagreeing argue that GM technology has proved to reduce the harvests. According to Dalla-Corte and Dhein-Dill (2012), it was noted that when GM was used in Brazil, there was a 10% decline in the soya harvest. In response to these assertions, the other section contest that this decline is not necessarily attributable to the GM but other factors (Birch, Begg and Squire, 2012) Clearly, from the above information one could conclude that the issue of GM has not been well understood by all the parties. While one group argues about the decline in the harvest, another provides a reason, which clearly seems valid. For that reason, a research ought to be conducted to ascertain the exact effect of GM technology on the UK agriculture. As already proven, agriculture is an imperative

Wireless Technology Upgrade Essay Example for Free

Wireless Technology Upgrade Essay Introduction: Since the introduction of the first mobile phone in 1924, there has been a steady climb in developing and enhancing, the mobile phone and its supporting technologies. The cellular network infrastructures as well as service providers have been hard at work; in making sure they are providing the best service as well as devices. The infrastructure alone has gone through several life cycles. Which is required in order providers to keep up with growth and technology changes. Wireless cellular providers, at one point offered services that ran off analog frequencies. Today the wireless networks are built off of an all-digital network, which is considered to be in its 3rd generation. 3rd generation technologies include GSM, GPRS, UMTS and CDMA. In this project you will be introduced to an up and coming wireless service provider, GoFone Cellular Communications. GoFone is currently interested in making your nation our new home. GoFone has the ability to offer services that will allow its subscribers the ability to communicate faster and more efficiently. At the present the citizens within the 16 cities nation, only has one cellular provider that is offering subpar service. GoFone’s network is built off of Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service, (UMTS), technology which, promises to be a better choice for the Nation. GoFone Cellular Communications has been a wireless cellular provider of over 10 years. By staying ahead of the curve and keeping up with industry trends, GoFone has been a proven leader. GoFone’s current position in the cellular market indicates that GoFone, has loyal customers that will continue to growth with the providers efforts. The company strives to deliver top-notch service over its 3rd generation UMTS network, which is being accepted globally as an industry standard. UMTS also provides enhanced voice and data features that are not compatible with other technologies. Strategic Business Assessment: Currently the nation already has an established wireless cellular provider. However, the citizens are growing tired of the high charges and sub-par service they are receiving. The existing cellular infrastructure is built off TDMA technology, using the 800MHz frequency range. The company is taking advantage of its subscribers, as they are aware of the fact that they are the only providers servicing the nation. Their coverage is limited in areas due to coverage blocking. The provider does not offer away for its customers to use to both data and voice simultaneously. In conjunction with previously said issues, the provider is charging higher than usual rates. As the nation and states continue to evolve, so are their citizens. Due to the changes and natural evolution, the citizens want more out of its service and devices. The citizens want phones that will give them the capability to browse the Internet, email, text and enhanced voice service. Essential wanting to stay connected all the time. Regardless, of the customer’s wants and possible needs, it appears the provider is not interested in upgrading its current network or product offerings. The provider’s current network is built off the Timed Division Multiple Access (TDMA), which is considered 2nd generation cellular technology. TDMA operates at the 800MHz frequency band. TDMA takes the channel/signal and splits them into multiple timed slots; this means that data is traveling in a round-robin fashion. TDMA was designed to only handle voice services and the segmentation that is done allows for the network to remain stable, and voice quality is not affected. However due to its limitations of not being able to browse the internet or fully user wireless data and the service provider not willing to upgrade, due to the signal coverage, the nation will not be able to grow and technology will not fully evolve. Technology: GoFone Cellular Communications is a leader in delivering innovative wireless cellular services. The need for innovation and providing top-notch service has led GoFone into being an industry leader. GoFone has been able stay ahead of the class, by keeping up with industry trends, and consumer satisfaction. The services offered allow users to stay connected to the world. Subscribers are able to talk and browse the Internet at the same time. GoFone also offers a variety of cellular phones with several options. GoFone’s service is currently being offered on 3rd generation technology, that promises scalability. Having the ability to offer different services, with different pricing points consumers will be able to pick a choice on what type of service or package they want. GoFone promises to provide cellular wireless services, with the ability to stay connected and have minimal to no impact. GoFone’s network is operating off Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS), which is 3rd generation wireless cellular technology. GoFone will deploy its UMTS network on the 900MHz frequency. UMTS technology is mainly based off of Wide Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) affords; GoFone the opportunity to offer features such as mobile wireless Internet, email and other services. The use of UMTS allows for exponential amount of scalable operations. GoFone also offers an array of cellular phones that are visually and cosmetically appealing. The devices would have large color screen displays. The devices being offered can be compared to devices like BlackBerry, Apple iPhone, and several other devices. GoFone’s wireless network is one of the largest and most reliable networks in its originating country covering several thousand people. Design A Wireless System: GoFone Cellular Communications network will be deployed using UMTS on the 900MHz frequency range; (UMTS900). GoFone’s idea of building a solid and reliable network with less makes UMTS900 the perfect solution. UMTS900 provides increased mobility options, as well as greater cellular coverage. Being that the network will be prorogated with fewer cell sites, UMTS900 will provide better hand-overs; which will reduce brief loss of connection or drops calls. The deployment of the new wireless network will prove to be beneficial to the Nation as the build out will create new jobs for its citizens. The development of a new network will create competition between providers, which in turn will create new business practices. As previously mentioned UMTS is a 3rd generation technology, which offers more robust network with enhanced capabilities. UMTS is a concept that takes advantage of convergence of fixed and mobile networks and services, enabling a host of new applications. For example, a laptop with an integrated UMTS communications module becomes a general-purpose communications and computing device for broadband Internet access, voice, video telephony, and conferencing for either mobile, office, or residential use (Fletcher, 1999). UMTS can offer capabilities such as having real-time wireless connectivity, multi-cast distribution, and person location services. UMTS also supports both packet and circuit transmissions and provides data speeds up to 2Mbps. Using the 900MHz frequency range UMTS900 requires fewer cell sites, which will reduce costs for infrastructure build out and reduce on-going maintenance costs. The infrastructure build out for UMTS900 network, is cheaper compared to other networks. In order for deployment to begin, GoFone will have to consider what type of antennas and feeders to use. They will also have to look into acquisition or rental cost for cell sites. GoFone is also responsible for construction and labor cost. Typical build-out cost for Greenfield environment such as the Nation will roughly cost about $2B over 5 years; which will cover the cost to build base stations, acquiring build sites, materials, and marketing/promotional costs. Another part of network planning is the Link Budget. Link Budget helps with determining the dimensions for coverage, quality of service and calculating maximum cell size. Some keys things to keep in mind with performing the Link Budget: †¢Type of service (data type and speed) †¢Type of environment (terrain, building penetration) †¢Behavior and type of mobile (speed, max power level) †¢System configuration (BTS antennas, BTS power, cable losses, handover gain) †¢Required coverage probability †¢Financial and economical factors (use of more expensive and better quality equipment or not the cheapest installation method) GoFone’s UMTS900 network would be the ideal system to deploy in the Nation. UMTS900 provides wide coverage area. Providing a wide coverage area will greatly reduce coverage costs. Being that UMTS900 uses a low frequency, it provides better in-building reception/service; which will reduce coverage blocks and improve user experience. UMTS900 provides lower power consumption, due to an improved RF amplifier. UMTS900 has proven to be an excellent option for both rural and urban areas. This is partly due to the base stations being deployed; the base stations provide stronger and broader coverage. The coverage area for a typical cell site is up to 9 miles. So initially there will be an estimate of a 190 cell sites, which will roughly cover 1,733 miles. Which will cover roughly about 90% of the nation and its citizens. GoFone Cellular Communications will increase coverage to the remaining areas, once the customer base shows steady rise in subscribed lines. Compatibility Plan: GoFone Cellular Communications UMTS900 network will offer a several significant capabilities that would be ideal for the average consumer or business applications. Consumers would have the ability to enjoy multimedia-enabled services, such as video conferencing and simultaneous voice and data operation. UMTS900 supports applications such as email, VPN, and WAP-based applications. As more and more businesses demands more flexibility for automation and customization manufacturers and providers will continue to provide enterprise applications and access. The technology also supports business enterprise application such as sales force automation tools. UMTS900 offers higher data speeds than GSM, GPRS and CDMA. Typically user can expect to see about 200kbps download and 64kbps upload speeds. UMTS900 also offers lower latency. In comparison to GSM and GPRS networks, latency is expected to be around 200ms instead of about 600ms. Outside of UMTS’ data capabilities, the technology also performs normal voice transmission, and operates the same as if on a landline. However, the technology provides the ability to perform simultaneous voice and data transmissions. An example of said service would be for instance, as user will be able to make a call and except and email at the same time. Another example would be a user downloading a file via Bluetooth while on a call. There are minimal limitations when it comes to UMTS. The main limitation would be some subscribers not being able to reach high data speeds. The network degradation is caused by antenna propagation or network congestion. Another issue would be coverage in overlapping areas, where UMTS signal is not accessible. To compensate UMTS compatible devices will have to be enabled with roaming. Standardization is another key factor in deploying a UMTS network. UMTS specification standards are governed by 3GPP; who governs all GSM, WCDMA, LTE and UTRAN, UTMS and FOMA. However success of UMTS is dependent upon flexibility and technological development of providers. Planned Competitive Improvements: Once GoFone’s UMTS900 is deployed, continuing improvements will be made throughout, that will enhance network and service capabilities. The next improvement will be the addition of High Speed Packet Acces (HSPA); which includes High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) or Enhanced Uplink (EUL) High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). An uplink enhancement will improve overall performance, with an increase in capacity and increased data rates. The integration of EUL improves Quality of Service, Improving the downlink will increase downlink speeds of up to 15Mbs. The integration of HSPA will introduce new applications that will use various amounts of bandwidth. Ultimately making GoFone Cellular Communications 4th generation compliant. Another improvement would be the multimedia capabilities of adding IP-based Multimedia Service (IMS). IMS is a protocol that delivers multimedia services using IP protocol. IMS will provide GoFone the ability to provide enhanced multimedia across the network. IMS will improve the circuit switch and packet switch capabilities. The major benefit to deploying IMS will be the improvement on simultaneous voice and data operations. Instead of having multiple sessions for concurrent use, the user will be able to use a single session to use concurrent operations. Enabling support for WLAN access will be a needed improvement. Enabling WLAN access will allow a device to be simultaneously connected to the cellular network as well as a WiFi network. GoFone Cellular Communications plans on enabling its UMTS network for wireless access. With the high data speeds, enabling wireless access will allow applications such as streaming audio and video, and multiplayer gaming. Having a wireless service will not only enhance the mobile phone, but also will allow other platforms the ability to connect or access the cellular network. UMTS will also improve applications and delivery rich web content as well as client/server support for enterprise use. Thus, allowing enterprise users the ability of connecting to their companies network and provides mobile means of being able to work on the go. Other Competitive Technological Solutions: There are several other technological solutions that would compete with the offerings of GoFone. However, when compared GoFone’s UMTS900 network proves to be the better solution. Other technological solutions would include deploying CDMA2000, GPRS, or GSM. CDMA2000 is 3rd generation solution that evolved from CDMA. CDMA2000, like UMTS support switched packets. However CDMA2000 comes in different variations. The different variations are 1x EV-DO and 1x EV-DV. EV-DO variation offers improvements to Data, which increases the speeds up to 3Mbps down and 1.8Mbps up. EV-DV is the second edition to CDMA2000 and provides enhancements for both data and voice services. CDMA2000 provides similar performance to UMTS. However is not globally accepted. GPRS is a 2.5-generation technology that is packet switched based. GPRS provides speeds of 30-40Kbps, and is not used for voice or text messaging services. GPRS supports a variety of data applications, which includes, mobile Internet, multimedia messaging, and other applications that use the Internet. GPRS also offers the ability to use concurrent data and voice operations. GPRS provides a direct enhancement to GSM networks, as it provides improved voice and data connections. However, when compared to UMTS, which is a 3rd generation technology, UMTS would prove GPRS to be inferior. GSM is the mostly widely accepted wireless cellular technology. Although GSM is widely accepted, it is also 2nd generation mobile technology. GSM is considered the â€Å"grand-father† of mobile as it predates CDMA. GSM is widely used in Europe, however does have a presence stateside as the major carriers integrates some form of GSM technology within their network. The major benefit of GSM is the user of the SIM card, which is used to identify the carrier’s network and access privileges. The major difference besides the generation is, UMTS is based of CDMA technology. UMTS provides faster data speeds, while future enhancements will allow cross-pollination between GSM and UMTS networks. Meaning devices that travel outside of its network boundaries would be supported by either GSM or UMTS. Upgrading to Next Generation: GoFone Cellular Communications UMTS900 is currently a 3rd generation technology, and will eventually be upgraded to the next generational technology. In order for GoFone to upgrade to 4g, the network will have to undergo a software update to Release 99 of the UMTS standards. GoFone will also have to upgrade the channel cards at in the base stations. Release 99 will integrate UMTS with HSDPA, which also promises to be backwards compatible to GSM, and GPRS. Compared to other upgrades UMTS/HSPDA is the most cost effective as the majority of the upgrade is merely upgrading the software. Device will also need to be upgraded with a special antenna for 4g services. The upgrade to HSDPA is more beneficial in the long run as it make better use of spectrum. Upgrading to HSDPA will produce greater bandwidth and ease of access for subscribers. Summary and Conclusions: GoFone Cellular Communications is interested in providing mobile cellular communications for the Nation and its citizens. Currently the Nation has a wireless provider that is proving not to the ideal solution for the majority of the citizens are they want more out of the service. The current service is built on TDMA, which is 2nd generation mobile technology. Customers are experiencing sub par service as well has a high bill. GoFone Cellular Communications motto is to deliver more with less. With that said GoFone’s mobile network is built off UMTS900, which is 3rd generation mobile technology. The UMTS technology offers significant benefits to both personal and business applications. GoFone’s infrastructure build out will be cost efficient due to the use of the 900MHz spectrum band. The 900Mhz band is low frequency that offers wide coverage. Due to the wide coverage the network will require minimal cell sites. For this initiative GoFone will initially deploy an estimate of 190 cell sites which will cover the majority of the nation. As GoFone customer base grows, the provider will increase the remaining coverage with the addition of making steady improvements. Improvements to the network will also be cost-effective as the majority of the upgrades are merely software updates. There are minimal hardware changes after the initial build out; the only thing that would need to be done to cell sites is a update channel card. Outside of the minimal upgrades, devices will also be updated in making sure the fall with industry standards. In conclusion, GoFone Cellular Communications promises to delivery the reliable and steady cellular network the Nation deserves and needs. GoFone’s UMTS900 service will deliver, simultaneous voice and data operations, along with high data speeds. Along with providing solutions for Business Enterprise users, GoFone will also offer competitive service packages, that will cater to the specific user and their individual or corporate needs. GoFone’s network is very much stable, reliable and ready for the future. References: Althoff, M.P., Seidenberg, P. Walke, B. (2003, June), â€Å"UMTS: The Fundementals. Bates, R.J. (2001), â€Å"Wireless Broadband Handbook,† 212-213, 306-317. Cukier, Kenneth and Hibbard, Justin. â€Å"Spectrum Shortage†. Red Herring Magazine, September 1, 2000. Ericsson, (2002, July), â€Å"WCDMA, EDGE, and cdma2000 Capacity for Packet Data Services†. http://www.4Gamericas.org Fletcher, P. (1999, April). â€Å"A European perspective on 3rd generation wireless technology and politics,† Electronic Design, 72-75. Gow, G.A Smith, R.K. (2006). â€Å"Mobile Wireless Communications,† 117. Kaloxylos, A., Lampropoulos, G., Merakos, L., Passas, N. (2007, November). â€Å"A Flexible UMTS/WLAN Architecture for Improved Network Performance,† published in Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal – Vol. 43 Issue3, 889-906. McClelland, B. (1999, April). â€Å"Mobilizing the third generation,† 50-54. Pentland, S. (1999, February). â€Å"Planning for UMTS,†36-42. Porter, M.E Millar, V.E (1985) ‘How information gives you a competitive advantage’ Harvard Business Review: 149-160. Roberts, Simone. â€Å"3G in Europe: Expensive but Essential†; Wireless/Mobile Europe, The Yankee Group. Report Vol. 5, No. 8 –June 2001, p.1.

Economic Rehabilitation and Modernisation in China

Economic Rehabilitation and Modernisation in China ECONOMIC REHABILITATION AND MODERNISATION PROGRAMME 1.  Post Mao Interlude (a) Fall of the Gang of Four, leadership under Deng Xiaoping restated the modernization program. (b) They also set new policies for accomplishing the Four Modernizations which was to turn the nation into a relatively advanced industrialized nation by the year 2000. The modernizations was to be in the field of industry, agriculture, science and technology, and national defence. (c) The new policies reinforced the authority of economic decision makers and managers at the expense of party officials, and called for expansion of the research and education systems . (d) Foreign trade was intended to be increased, and exchanges of foreign experts and students with developed countries was encouraged. It called for high rates of growth in both agriculture and industry. (e) The economy was reformed to a market oriented economy. 2.  Reforms in Agriculture Sector. (a) Maos policy of self-reliance was relaxed, and his motto grow grain everywhere was abandoned. (b) Communities were restructured into the responsible system wherein farmers no longer devoted maximum of their efforts in collective production but farmers were allowed to decide for themselves how and what to produce. (c) The constraints on the movements of rural populations was relaxed. Towns, villages, and groups of families referred to as rural economic unions established factories, processing units, construction teams, catering services, and other nonagricultural concerns. (d) A system of specialized households’ was made wherein free farmers markets in the urban areas and in the countryside were established. (e) Rural cadres implemented an entirely new system to motivate farmers, called ‘Baogan’ system. (f) The rural banking system (Agricultural Bank and Rural Credit Cooperatives) was restored and extended[1]. (g) However, the major change was after 1978 farm families were permitted to invest funds, and their investments in small tractors, rural industries, and housing were substantial. (h) Rural marketing system improved significantly in the post Mao period. The policy of selling the farm to local state came to an end. People had several options of selling the surpluses to local market or to state or consumed on the farm. Rural markets which were disbanded during the Cultural Revolution were reopened. 3.  Reforms in Industrial Sector. (a) The impetus to reforms were based on the framework of ‘Four Modernizations and industrial policies outlined by Deng Xiaoping. These included strengthening management and managerial rules, restoring the status of engineers and technicians, providing clear directives for realizing the eight planning targets ( output volume , product type, quality , consumption of materials and fuel, labor productivity, costs, profits and use of liquid capital) , greater regional coordination, firmer central planning and tighter control of investment policy and increased import of foreign technology[2]. (b) Emphasis on rapid industrial development was given and a group of 120 key large scale projects was central to the plan which aimed at lifting the rate of growth to the value of industrial output to 10 percent a  year and at large increases in the areas of power, fuels, raw materials and transport and communications including doubling the output of steel[3]. (c) In 1978 policy of ‘Thirty points’ was envisaged which included rules for enterprise management and post responsibility , state plans was to be fulfilled based on ‘five sixes’ ( fixed nature and scale of production, fixed personnel and organization ,fixed consumption and supply quotas, fixed capital allocation and relation of cooperation with other enterprises)[4]. (d) In 80’s the growth of mixed economy with complementarity’s between the plan and market competition was promoted[5]. (e) Mandatory planning covered sixty products such as coal, crude oil, nonferrous metals, timber, cement, basic industrial chemicals, chemical fertilizers, machines and electrical equipment, fibers, newsprint, cigarettes, and defense products. (f) Under the reforms of Guidance planning, enterprises try to meet the states planned goals but also make their own arrangements for production and sales based on the orientation of the states plan, the availability of raw and unfinished materials and energy supplies, and the demands on the market. (g) Urban, collectively owned enterprises (owned by the workers) for the most part were small units equipped with relatively little machinery. Many of these units were engaged in handicraft production or other labor-intensive activities, such as manufacturing furniture or assembling simple electrical items. (h) Rural, collectively owned industrial enterprises commonly referred to as township enterprises were the most rapidly growing portion of the industrial sector in the mid-1980s. The government regarded them as a means of expanding industrialization[6]. 4.  Development of Infrastructure. (a) China had inadequate transportation systems which hindered the movement of coal from mine to user, the transportation of agricultural and light industrial products from rural to urban areas, and the delivery of imports and exports. As a result, the underdeveloped transportation  system constrained the pace of economic development throughout the country. From 1980s onwards the updating of transportation systems was given priority[7]. (b)  Development of Railroads. (i) Priority was given to link all provinces of the country, by railroads. Many double-track lines, electrified lines, special lines, and bridges were added to the system. (ii) National highways linked provincial-level capitals with Beijing and major ports. (iii) Roads were built between large, medium, and small towns as well as between towns and railroad connections. (iv) Contract system for the management of railroad lines was introduced in China. (c)  Development of Waterways. (i) The maritime fleet made hundreds of port calls in virtually all parts of the world, but the inadequate port and harbor facilities at home still caused major problems. (ii) Port construction also was listed as a priority project in the plan. The combined accommodation capacity of ports was to be increased by 200 million tons. (d)  Development of Airways. (i) Civil aviation underwent tremendous development during the 1980s. Domestic and international air service was greatly increased. (ii) The plan also called for updating passenger and freight transportation and improving railroad, waterways, and air transportation. To achieve these goals, the government planned to increase state and local investment as well as to use private funds. 5.  Reforms in Trade Policies, Foreign Trade and Emerging New Market. (a) Abandonment of policy of ‘ Self Reliance’. Between 1975-80 China got into new trade activities, seeking to import technology, borrow money, request aid and adopt fresh methods of earning foreign exchange. (b) Policies were framed to bring in foreign technology and capital with minimum expenditure[8]. (c) To earn more foreign currency and to conserve foreign exchange reserves, foreign capital was also used to expand production of export commodities, such as textiles, and of import substitutes, such as consumer goods. (d) China has adopted a variety of measures to promote its foreign economic relations, maximizing the role of imports, exports, and foreign capital in economic development. Foreign trade organizations were reorganized, and control of imports and exports was relaxed or strengthened depending on the balance of trade and the level of foreign exchange reserves. (e) China joined a number of economic organizations, becoming a member of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, the Asian Development Bank, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). (f) Most loans went into infrastructure projects, such as energy and transportation, and funded raw materials imports. (g) Legal and institutional frameworks to facilitate foreign investment and trade also were created. Laws on taxation, joint ventures, foreign investments, and related areas were promulgated to encourage foreign investment. (h) Special economic zones were created .The special economic zones essentially were export-processing zones designed to attract foreign investment, expand exports, and import technology and expertise. (j) China took steps to decentralize its foreign trading system and integrate itself into the world trading system. In November 1991, China joined the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group, which promotes free trade and cooperation in the economic, trade, investment, and technology spheres. (k) China formally joined the WTO in December 2001.On joining China agreed to lower tariffs and abolish market impediments after it joins the WTO. (l) Chinas global trade totaled 1384 billion dollars in 2005; the trade surplus stood at 60 billion dollars. Chinas primary trading partners include Japan, the EU, the United States, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. According to U.S. statistics, China had a trade surplus with the U.S. of 150 billion dollars in 2005. 6.  Foreign Investment (a) Foreign investment was stalled in 1989 in the aftermath of Tiananmen. In response, the government introduced legislation and regulations designed to encourage foreigners to invest in high-priority sectors and regions. (b) In 1990, the government eliminated time restrictions on the establishment of joint ventures and allowed foreign partners to become chairman of joint venture boards. (c) In 1991, China granted more preferential tax treatment for wholly foreign-owned businesses and contractual ventures and for foreign companies which invest in selected economic zones or in projects encouraged by the state, such as energy, communications, and transportation. (d) China revised significantly its laws on Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises and China Foreign Equity Joint Ventures in 2000 and 2001, easing export performance and domestic content requirements. In 2005, China received nearly 53 billion dollars in foreign direct investment, making it the number one recipient of FDI in the world. 7. Energy and Mineral Resources. New energy policy was formalized which included development of indigenous oil and gas reserves, development of domestic oil and gas markets, diversification of energy sources, diversification of imported energy suppliers, encouragement of energy conservation and efficient energy use. (b) Reforms carried out to improve energy efficiency and promote the use of clean coal technology. Only one-fifth of the new coal power plant capacity installed from 1995 to 2000 included desulphurization equipment. (c) It has opened oil and gas industry. The offshore petroleum industry has also been developed with foreign investment. (d) Refining capacity is also being increased. Storage and pipeline facilities are being increased and new ones are being added. (e) China has developed a sound energy policy by diversifying its energy linkages and relationship through investment attraction , incentives for technology and dialogue with energy resource economy. 8.  Development of Science and Technology. (a) The Cultural Revolution had removed an entire generation from access to university and professional training, creating a gap in the age distribution of the scientific work force. (b) However since 1978 China encouraged experimentation in its science and technology system as a means of arriving at reforms. (c) In restructuring the science and technology system emphasis was placed on encouraging partnership between research, educational and designing institution on one hand and production units on the other and on strengthening the enterprises capability for technology absorption and  development .More power for decision making was granted to research institutes. (d) The long term policy of China’s science and technology development was to open to outside world and establish contact with other countries. [1] Agriculturereforms www.country-data.com [2] Jack gray and Gordon White op.cit p.91 [3] Jack gray and Gordon White op.cit p.92 [4] Jack gray and Gordon White op.cit p.95 [5] Jack gray and Gordon White op.cit p.98 [6]China’s economy www.country-data.com 1987 [7] ibid [8] Jack gray and Gordon White op.cit p.149